High School Science

• Themselves as an individual (myself, my family, my friends)
• Our society (environment, economy, infrastructure)
• Our culture (beliefs, norms, people)
• Our species (mankind, global, environment)

“The Standard.” The student demonstrates no major errors or omissions regarding any of the information and processes that were end of instruction expectations.

• Determine how many protons, neutrons, and electrons an atom has, given its symbol, atomic number, and mass number.
• State the charge, mass, and location of each part of the atom according to the modern model of the atom.
• Relate the organization of the periodic table to the arrangement of electrons within an atom.
• From the given model, students identify and describe the components of the model that are relevant for their predictions, including:
  • Elements and their arrangement in the periodic table;
  • A positively-charged nucleus composed of both protons and neutrons, surrounded by negatively-charged electrons;
  • Electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms (i.e., valence electrons)
  • The number of protons in each element.  
• Students identify and describe the following relationships between components in the given model, including:
  • The arrangement of the main groups (families) of the periodic table reflects the patterns of outermost electrons. (alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals, transition metals, halogens and noble gases)
  • Elements in the periodic table are arranged by the numbers of protons in atoms.  
• Explain the relationship between a mole of a substance and Avogadro’s constant.
• Describe how the abundance of isotopes affects an element’s average atomic mass.

• Distinguish between compounds and mixtures.       
• Explain how and why some atoms transfer their valence electrons to form ionic bonds, while other atoms share valence electrons to form covalent bonds.
• Differentiate between ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds.
• Write chemical names and formulas for simple ionic and covalent compounds.
• Students use the periodic table to predict the patterns of behavior of the elements based on the attraction and repulsion between electrically charged particles and the patterns of outermost electrons that determine the typical reactivity of an atom.
• Students predict the following patterns of properties:
  • The number and types of bonds formed (i.e. ionic, covalent, metallic) by an element and between elements;
  • The number and charges in stable ions that form from atoms in a group of the periodic table.
  • The trend in reactivity and electronegativity of atoms down a group, and across a row in the periodic table, based on attractions of outermost (valence) electrons to the nucleus; and
  • The relative sizes of atoms both across a row and down a group in the periodic table.

The student demonstrates no major errors or omissions regarding the simpler details and processes but exhibits major errors or omissions regarding the more complex ideas and processes (Score 3.0 content).

• nucleus, proton, neutron, electron, orbital, valence electron, periodic law, period, group, ion, atomic number, mass number, isotope, atomic mass unit (amu), average atomic mass, metal, nonmetal, semiconductor, alkali metals, alkaline earth metal, transition metal, halogen, noble gas

• Chemical bond, chemical structure, bond length, bond angle, ionic bond, metallic bond, covalent bond, polyatomic ion, empirical formula, molecular formula

 However, the student exhibits major errors or omissions regarding the more complex ideas and processes.

“The Standard.” The student demonstrates no major errors or omissions regarding any of the information and processes that were end of instruction expectations.

HS-PS1-1-Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms (for example, use information on the periodic table to predict relative properties-such as the reactivity of metals, types of bonds formed, number of bonds formed, and reaction with oxygen-of main group elements).

HS-PS1-3- Plan and conduct an investigation to gather evidence to compare the structure of substances at the bulk scale to infer the strength of electrical forces between particles (for example, figure out the strength of electrical forces between ions, atoms, molecules, or networked materials-such as graphite-by investigating the structure and characteristics of different substances at the bulk scale, including melting point, boiling point, vapor pressure, and surface tension.  A suggestion would be to have students construct and revise an explanation for the behaviors of solutes and solvents of differing polarity and the practical applications of various materials in real-world applications).

is important in the functioning of designed materials (for example, use teacher-provided molecular-level structures of specific designed materials-such as electrically conductive metals, flexible but durable materials, and pharmaceuticals designed to interact with specific receptors-to explain how attractive and repulsive forces at the molecular level determine function).

•  Determine the strength of a chemical bond between to ions.
• Determine the characteristics of the electrons involved in a chemical bond based on electronegativity values.
• Identify whether a bond is covalent or ionic based solely on electronegativity data for the respective ions.
• Differentiate between values of a Van der Waals radius and a covalent radius.
• Compare and contrast ionic radii (both cation and anion) to a stable atom.
• Determine the covalent radius when provided with internuclear distance information.

The student demonstrates no major errors or omissions regarding the simpler details and processes but exhibits major errors or omissions regarding the more complex ideas and processes (Score 3.0 content).The student will:

• Recognize and recall specific vocabulary (for example, atom, atomic mass, atomic nucleus, atomic number, bond, electron, element, element stability, elements of matter, main group element, model, neutron, outermost energy level, pattern, periodic table, predict, property, proton, reaction, reactivity, relative, relative mass, weight of subatomic particles).
• Use the periodic table to gather information about main group elements.

• Recognize and recall specific vocabulary (for example, atom, atomic energy, boiling point, bulk scale, characteristic, electrical force, elementary particle, ion, melting point, molecule, networked material, particle, strength, structure, substance, surface tension, vapor pressure).
• Model the structures of various substances. Describe the relationship between electrical forces and particles.

• Recognize or recall specific vocabulary (for example, attractive, designed material, durable, electrically conductive, electron configuration, electron sharing, electron transfer, flexible, force, formation of polymers, function, ionic motion, isotope, molecular arrangement, molecular level, molecular motion, pharmaceutical, receptor, repulsive, structure, synthetic polymer.
• Describe the structure of different substances at the molecular level.
• Describe the relationship between attractive and repulsive forces at the molecular level.

• Define and identify electronegativity trends from the periodic table.
• Identify physical traits of compounds formed by covalent and ionic bonds.
• Identify the bond axis, bond angle, and bond length of a covalent molecule.

“The Standard.” The student demonstrates no major errors or omissions regarding any of the information and processes that were end of instruction expectations.

The student will:

HS-PS1-1

Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms (for example, use information on the periodic table to predict relative properties-such as the reactivity of metals, types of bonds formed, number of bonds formed, and reaction with oxygen-of main group elements).

HS-PS1-2

Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties (for example, explain the reasoning behind reactions between main group elements such as sodium and chlorine, carbon and oxygen, or carbon and hydrogen).

The student demonstrates no major errors or omissions regarding the simpler details and processes but exhibits major errors or omissions regarding the more complex ideas and processes (Score 3.0 content).The student will:

The student will:

HS-PS1-1

• Recognize and recall specific vocabulary (for example, atom, atomic mass, atomic nucleus, atomic number, bond, electron, element, element stability, elements of matter, main group element, model, neutron, outermost energy level, pattern, periodic table, predict, property, proton, reaction, reactivity, relative, relative mass, weight of subatomic particles).
• Use the periodic table to gather information about main group elements.

• Recognize or recall specific vocabulary (for example, acid/base reaction, atom, atomic configuration, atomic reaction, carbon, chemical property, chemical properties of elements, chemical reaction rate, main group (representative) element, outcome, outermost electron state, pattern, periodic table, reaction, simple chemical reaction, trend).
• Describe the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and patterns of chemical properties.
• Describe the relationship between chemical reactions and outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and patterns of chemical properties.

In addition to Score 3.0, the student demonstrates in-depth inferences and applications regarding more complex material that go beyond end of instruction expectations.

“The Standard.” The student demonstrates no major errors or omissions regarding any of the information and processes that were end of instruction expectations.

When provided with a periodic table and list of selected polyatomic ions, student will:

• Properly combine cations and anions to determine an ionic compound’s chemical formula, including those compounds that require Roman numerals.     
• Provide the proper name and/or formula for molecular compounds, utilizing Greek prefixes appropriately. Provide the proper name and/or formula for binary and ternary/tertiary acids

• Differentiates between how cations and anions are made, including providing examples
• Properly predicts the charge of an element’s ion based upon its location on the periodic table
• Differentiates between ionic compounds (formula units) and molecular compounds (molecules) and provides examples of each
• Properly combines two ions to determine a binary compound’s chemical formula
• Provides the proper name for a given binary compound, utilizing special naming rules for molecular compounds, binary acids, and elements requiring Roman numerals
• Identifies polyatomic ions by name and chemical formula (including charge)
• Combines ions together to form a ternary compound
• Provides the proper name for a polyatomic compound, utilizing special naming rules for elements requiring Roman numerals
• Names binary and ternary acids when provided with their chemical formulae

The student demonstrates no major errors or omissions regarding the simpler details and processes but exhibits major errors or omissions regarding the more complex ideas and processes (Score 3.0 content).The student will:

• Differentiate between cations and anions.
• Determine the charge of an element’s common ion(s).
• Differentiate between ionic compounds and molecular compounds.

When provided with a periodic table, a list of selected polyatomic ions, and list of Greek prefixes and Roman numerals (1-10), student will:

Properly combine cations and anions to determine an ionic compound’s chemical formula, including those compounds that require Roman numerals.   

•  Identifies a cation and anion when provided examples
• Demonstrates errors in distinguishing between ionic and molecular compounds
• Demonstrates errors in combining binary compounds
• Demonstrates errors in naming binary compounds
• Demonstrates errors in identifying polyatomic ions (including charge)
• Demonstrates errors in combing and/or naming ternary compounds
• Demonstrates errors in identifying binary and/or ternary acids when provided the chemical formulae

In addition to Score 3.0, the student demonstrates in-depth inferences and applications regarding more complex material that go beyond end of instruction expectations.

“The Standard.” The student demonstrates no major errors or omissions regarding any of the information and processes that were end of instruction expectations.

The student will:

HS-PS1-1

Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms. (Clarification Statement:  Examples of properties that could be predicted from patterns could include reactivity of metals, types of bonds formed, numbers of bonds formed, and reactions with oxygen). 

• Draws the Lewis structure for various ionic and molecular compounds.
• Determines the number of shared and unshared pairs of electrons in the above compounds.
• Identifies if a compound is polar or nonpolar.
• Determines the number of sigma and pi bonds found in the above compounds.
• Uses the skills in the below proficient category to determine the geometrical shape and angles of various compounds.
• Classifies the type of a given hydrocarbon compound.
• Properly uses organic naming prefixes used in naming hydrocarbon compounds (mono, eth, prop, but, etc).
• Properly uses organic naming suffixes used in naming hydrocarbon compounds (-ane, -ene, -yne).
• Identifies how a ring (cyclo arrangement) affects the overall molecule of a hydrocarbon.
• Provides the proper name of a hydrocarbon compound when given its chemical formula (limited to alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes; also in a cyclo arrangement).
• Provides the proper chemical formula of a hydrocarbon compound when given its chemical name.
• Determine the strength of a chemical bond between to ions.
• Determine the characteristics of the electrons involved in a chemical bond based on electronegativity values.
• Identify whether a bond is covalent or ionic based solely on electronegativity data for the respective ions.
• Differentiate between values of a Van der Waals radius and a covalent radius.
• Compare and contrast ionic radii (both cation and anion) to a stable atom.
• Determine the covalent radius when provided with internuclear distance information.

The student demonstrates no major errors or omissions regarding the simpler details and processes but exhibits major errors or omissions regarding the more complex ideas and processes (Score 3.0 content).The student will:

• Recognizes examples of the above skills but is unable to generate independently.
• When supplied with the terms above can recognize the application when provided, but cannot generate independently.
• Define and identify electronegativity trends from the periodic table.
• Identify physical traits of compounds formed by covalent and ionic bonds.
• Identify the bond axis, bond angle, and bond length of a covalent molecule.

In addition to Score 3.0, the student demonstrates in-depth inferences and applications regarding more complex material that go beyond end of instruction expectations.

“The Standard.” The student demonstrates no major errors or omissions regarding any of the information and processes that were end of instruction expectations.

The student:

HS-PS1-1- Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms (for example, use information on the periodic table to predict relative properties-such as the reactivity of metals, types of bonds formed, number of bonds formed, and reaction with oxygen-of main group elements).

HS-PS1-3- Plan and conduct an investigation to gather evidence to compare the structure of substances at the bulk scale to infer the strength of electrical forces between particles (for example, figure out the strength of electrical forces between ions, atoms, molecules, or networked materials-such as graphite-by investigating the structure and characteristics of different substances at the bulk scale, including melting point, boiling point, vapor pressure, and surface tension). Identify and explain physical properties (e.g., density, melting point, boiling point, conductivity, malleability) and chemical properties (e.g., the ability to form new substances).

HS-PS2-6.  Communicate scientific and technical information about why the molecular-level structure

is important in the functioning of designed materials (for example, use teacher-provided molecular-level

structures of specific designed materials-such as electrically conductive metals, flexible but durable materials, and pharmaceuticals designed to interact with specific receptors-to explain how attractive and repulsive forces at the molecular level determine function).

•  Explains the similarities and differences between the 3 states of matter, with examples
• Discusses the differences between chemical and physical changes, with examples
• Discusses the term “phase” in terms of homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures
• Separates various mixtures using physical properties
• Discusses multiple ways a mixture may be separated using physical properties
• Communicates a knowledge of the difference between a chemical formula and a chemical reaction by providing examples of each
• Differentiates between qualitative and quantitative data through the use of examples

The student demonstrates no major errors or omissions regarding the simpler details and processes but exhibits major errors or omissions regarding the more complex ideas and processes (Score 3.0 content).

HS-PS1-1.

The student will:

• Recognize and recall specific vocabulary (for example, atom, atomic mass, atomic nucleus, atomic number, bond, electron, element, element stability, elements of matter, main group element, model, neutron, outermost energy level, pattern, periodic table, predict, property, proton, reaction, reactivity, relative, relative mass, weight of subatomic particles).o Use the periodic table to gather information about main group elements. 

HS-PS1-3.

The student will:

• Recognize and recall specific vocabulary (for example, atom, atomic energy, boiling point, bulk scale, characteristic, electrical force, elementary particle, ion, melting point, molecule, networked material, particle, strength, structure, substance, surface tension, vapor pressure).
• Model the structures of various substances.
• Describe the relationship between electrical forces and particles. 

HS-PS2-6.

The student will:

• Recognize or recall specific vocabulary (for example, attractive, designed material, durable, electrically conductive, electron configuration, electron sharing, electron transfer, flexible, force, formation of polymers, function, ionic motion, isotope, molecular arrangement, molecular level, molecular motion, pharmaceutical, receptor, repulsive, structure, synthetic polymer.
• Describe the structure of different substances at the molecular level.
• Describe the relationship between attractive and repulsive forces at the molecular level.

•  Identifies properties of the 3 states of matter
• Recognizes examples of chemical and physical changes
• Identifies a homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture when given examples
• Identifies physical properties when given examples
• Recognizes ways that solutions may be separated using physical properties
• Recognizes examples of chemical formulas and chemical reactions
• Recognizes the differences between qualitative and quantitative data when given examples

In addition to Score 3.0, the student demonstrates in-depth inferences and applications regarding more complex material that go beyond end of instruction expectations.

“The Standard.” The student demonstrates no major errors or omissions regarding any of the information and processes that were end of instruction expectations.

HS-PS1-1.

Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms. [Clarification Statement: Examples of properties that could be predicted from patterns could include reactivity of metals, types of bonds formed, numbers of bonds formed, and reactions with oxygen.]  (for example, use information on the periodic table to predict relative properties-such as the reactivity of metals, types of bonds formed, number of bonds formed, and reaction with oxygen-of main group elements). 

HS-PS1-3. Plan and conduct an investigation to gather evidence to compare the structure of substances at the bulk scale to infer the strength of electrical forces between particles. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on understanding the strengths of forces between particles, not on naming specific intermolecular forces (such as dipole-dipole). Examples of particles could include ions, atoms, molecules, and networked materials.] 

HS-PS2-6.  Communicate scientific and technical information about why the molecular-level structure is important in the functioning of designed materials (for example, use teacher-provided molecular-level structures of specific designed materials-such as electrically conductive metals, flexible but durable materials, and pharmaceuticals designed to interact with specific receptors-to explain how attractive and repulsive forces at the molecular level determine function).

The student demonstrates no major errors or omissions regarding the simpler details and processes but exhibits major errors or omissions regarding the more complex ideas and processes (Score 3.0 content).

HS-PS1-1

The student will:

• Recognize and recall specific vocabulary (for example, atom, atomic mass, atomic nucleus, atomic number, bond, electron, element, element stability, elements of matter, main group element, model, neutron, outermost energy level, pattern, periodic table, predict, property, proton, reaction, reactivity, relative, relative mass, mass of subatomic particles).
• Use the periodic table to gather information about main group elements.

HS-PS1-3.

The student will:

• Recognize and recall specific vocabulary (for example, atom, atomic energy, boiling point, bulk scale, characteristic, electrical force, elementary particle, ion, melting point, molecule, networked material, particle, strength, structure, substance, surface tension, vapor pressure).
• Model the structures of various substances.
• Describe the relationship between electrical forces and particles.