A practice of science is to ask and refine questions that lead to descriptions and explanations of how the natural and designed world works and which can be empirically tested.
Primary (K-2)
Asking questions and defining problems in K–2 builds on prior experiences and progresses to simple descriptive questions.
Ask questions based on observations to find more information about the natural and/or designed world(s).
Ask and/or identify questions that can be answered by an investigation.
Define a simple problem that can be solved through the development of a new or improved object or tool.
Elementary (3-5)
Asking questions and defining problems in grades 3–5 builds from grades K–2 experiences and progresses to specifying qualitative relationships.
Ask questions about what would happen if a variable is changed.
Identify scientific (testable) and non-scientific (non-testable) questions.
Ask questions that can be investigated and predict reasonable outcomes based on patterns such as cause and effect relationships.
Use prior knowledge to describe problems that can be solved.
Define a simple design problem that can be solved through the development of an object, tool, process, or system and includes several criteria for success and constraints on materials, time, or cost.
Middle (6-8)
Asking questions and defining problems in grades 6–8 builds from grades K–5 experiences and progresses to specifying relationships between variables and clarifying arguments and models.
Ask questions that require sufficient and appropriate empirical evidence to answer.
Ask questions that arise from careful observation of phenomena, models, or unexpected results, to clarify and/or seek additional information.
Ask questions to identify and/or clarify evidence and/or the premise(s) of an argument.
Ask questions to determine relationships between independent and dependent variables and relationships in models.
Ask questions to clarify and/or refine a model, an explanation, or an engineering problem.
Ask questions that can be investigated within the scope of the classroom, outdoor environment, and museums and other public facilities with available resources and, when appropriate, frame a hypothesis based on observations and scientific principles.
Define a design problem that can be solved through the development of an object, tool, process or system and includes multiple criteria and constraints, including scientific knowledge that may limit possible solutions.
Ask questions that challenge the premise(s) of an argument or the interpretation of a data set.
High (9-12)
Asking questions and defining problems in 9–12 builds on grades K–8 experiences and progresses to formulating, refining, and evaluating empirically testable questions and design problems using models and simulations.
Ask questions that arise from careful observation of phenomena, or unexpected results, to clarify and/or seek additional information.
Ask questions that arise from examining models or a theory, to clarify and/or seek additional information and relationships.
Ask questions to determine relationships, including quantitative relationships, between independent and dependent variables.
Ask questions to clarify and refine a model, an explanation, or an engineering problem.
Evaluate a question to determine if it is testable and relevant.
Ask questions that can be investigated within the scope of the school laboratory, research facilities, or field (e.g., outdoor environment) with available resources and, when appropriate, frame a hypothesis based on a model or theory.
Ask and/or evaluate questions that challenge the premise(s) of an argument, the interpretation of a data set, or the suitability of the design.
Define a design problem that involves the development of a process or system with interacting components and criteria and constraints that may include social, technical and/or environmental considerations.
Analyze complex real-world problems by specifying criteria and constraints for successful solutions.
Students at any grade level should be able to ask questions of each other about the texts they read, the features of the phenomena they observe, and the conclusions they draw from their models or scientific investigations. For engineering, they should
ask questions to define the problem to be solved and to elicit ideas that lead to the constraints and specifications for its solution.
Scientific questions arise in a variety of ways. They can be driven by curiosity about the world, inspired by the predictions of a model, theory, or findings from previous investigations, or they can be stimulated by the need to solve a problem. Scientific
questions are distinguished from other types of questions in that the answers lie in explanations supported by empirical evidence, including evidence gathered by others or through investigation.
While science begins with questions, engineering begins with defining a problem to solve. However, engineering may also involve asking questions to define a problem, such as: What is the need or desire that underlies the problem? What are the criteria
for a successful solution? Other questions arise when generating ideas, or testing possible solutions, such as: What are the possible tradeoffs? What evidence is necessary to determine which solution is best?
Asking questions and defining problems also involves asking questions about data, claims that are made, and proposed designs. It is important to realize that asking a question also leads to involvement in another practice. A student can ask a question
about data that will lead to further analysis and interpretation. Or a student might ask a question that leads to planning and design, an investigation, or the refinement of a design.
Whether engaged in science or engineering, the ability to ask good questions and clearly define problems is essential for everyone. The progression of this practice summarizes what students should be able to do by the end of each grade band. Each of the
examples of asking questions leads to students engaging in other scientific practices.
A practice of science is to ask and refine questions that lead to descriptions and explanations of how the natural and designed world works and which can be empirically tested.