12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

• MAT-08.AR.F.01 Defend whether a relation is a function from various representations using appropriate function language.
• MAT-08.AR.F.02 Compare and contrast properties of two linear functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.03 Compare and contrast linear and non-linear functions represented in different ways (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.04 Model a linear relationship between two quantities by creating a table, graph, and equation. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models.
• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.02 Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.04 Relate the domain of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-09.AR.F.05 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function (presented algebraically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two linear, exponential, or quadratic functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-09.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.11 Interpret the parameters of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function in terms of context.
• MAT-10.GM.02 Represent transformations in the plane. Describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (i.e., rigid versus non-rigid motion).
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.01 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.02 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.05 Find inverse functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically, in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal discussions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity.
• MAT-12.AR.F.13 Determine whether a linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, or trigonometric model fits the situation. Determine an appropriate mathematical model in context (with or without technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π /3, π/4 and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 to find sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.
• MAT-12.AR.F.20 Use the unit circle to explain the symmetry (odd and even) and the periodicity of trigonometric functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.21 Create a trigonometric function to model periodic phenomena.
• MAT-12.AR.F.22 Restrict the domain of a trigonometric function to construct its inverse.
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.
• MAT-12.AR.F.24 Know and apply the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems.

• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.09 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a linear, absolute value, or quadratic function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, h, and k given the graph of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.12 Identify, using graphs or tables, the solution(s) to linear or exponential functions f(x) = g(x) as xvalues that result in equivalent y-values.
• MAT-12.AR.14 Identify zeros of polynomials when suitable factorizations are available. Use the zeros to construct a rough graph of the function defined by the polynomial.
• MAT-12.AR.16 Identify, using graphs, technology, tables, or successive approximations, that the solution(s) to the equation f(x) = g(x) is the x-value(s) that result in the y-values of f(x) and g(x) being the same.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the values of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal descriptions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.10 Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity increasing exponentially eventually exceeds a quantity increasing as a linear or quadratic function
  

Transformations

• MAT-08.GM.GF.01 Perform single transformations to a figure on or off the coordinate plane and determine whether the figures are congruent or similar.
• MAT-08.GM.GF.02 Describe the characteristics of transformations on the coordinate plane using transformation language.
• MAT-08.GM.GF.03 Name the type of transformation(s) needed to map a pre-image to its image.
• MAT-09.AR.F.09 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a linear, absolute value, or quadratic function by replacing f(x) with f(x) + k, f(x - h) and af(x), for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the values of a, h, and k given the graph of the function.
• MAT-10.GM.02 Represent transformations in the plane. Describe transformations as functions that take points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (i.e., rigid versus non-rigid motion).
• MAT-10.GM.03 Describe the rotations and reflections of a triangle, rectangle, parallelogram, trapezoid, or regular polygon that map each figure onto itself or another figure.
• MAT-10.GM.04 Develop or verify the characteristics of rotations, reflections, and translations in angles, circles, perpendicular lines, parallel lines, and line segments.
• MAT-10.GM.05 Draw the image of a figure that has undergone a series of transformations [rotation(s),
• reflection(s), or translation(s)] of a geometric figure using a variety of methods (e.g., graph paper, tracing paper, or geometry software).
• MAT-10.GM.06 Predict the effect of a specified rigid motion on a given figure using geometric descriptions of rigid motions. Determine whether two figures are congruent using the definition of congruence in terms of rigid motions.
• MAT-10.GM.14 Verify experimentally and justify the properties of dilations given by a center and a scale factor.
• MAT-10.GM.15 Use transformations to decide if two given figures are similar. Apply the meaning of all corresponding pairs of angles and the proportionality of all corresponding pairs of sides.
• MAT-10.GM.16 Prove similarity theorems about triangles.
• MAT-10.GM.17 Apply knowledge of congruence and similarity criteria for triangles to solve problems and prove relationships in various geometric figures.
• MAT-12.AR.F.4 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x-h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the values of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.NO.18 Multiply a vector by a scalar.

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

• MAT-08.AR.F.01 Defend whether a relation is a function from various representations using appropriate function language.
• MAT-08.AR.F.02 Compare and contrast properties of two linear functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.03 Compare and contrast linear and non-linear functions represented in different ways (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.04 Model a linear relationship between two quantities by creating a table, graph, and equation. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models.
• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.02 Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.04 Relate the domain of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-09.AR.F.05 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function (presented algebraically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two linear, exponential, or quadratic functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-09.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.11 Interpret the parameters of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function in terms of context.
• MAT-10.GM.02 Represent transformations in the plane. Describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (i.e., rigid versus non-rigid motion).
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.01 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.02 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.05 Find inverse functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically, in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal discussions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity.
• MAT-12.AR.F.13 Determine whether a linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, or trigonometric model fits the situation. Determine an appropriate mathematical model in context (with or without technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π /3, π/4 and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 to find sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.
• MAT-12.AR.F.20 Use the unit circle to explain the symmetry (odd and even) and the periodicity of trigonometric functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.21 Create a trigonometric function to model periodic phenomena.
• MAT-12.AR.F.22 Restrict the domain of a trigonometric function to construct its inverse.
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.
• MAT-12.AR.F.24 Know and apply the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems.

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

Exponents

• MAT-05.NO.NBT.07 Explain patterns in the number of zeros of the product when multiplying a number by powers of 10. Explain patterns in the placement of the decimal point when a decimal is multiplied or divided by a power of 10. Use whole-number exponents to denote powers of 10.
  
• MAT-06.AR.EE.01 Write, read, and evaluate numerical expressions, including expressions with whole number exponents and grouping symbols.
  
• MAT-08.AR.EE.01 Explain the relationship between repeated multiplication and the properties of integer exponents. Apply a single exponent property to generate equivalent numeric and algebraic expressions that include numerical coefficients.
  
• MAT-09.NO.01 Explain how the definition of rational exponents follows from extending the properties of integer exponents; rewrite simple expressions involving radicals and rational exponents using the properties of exponents.
  
• MAT-09.NO.02 Perform basic operations on simple radical expressions to write a simplified equivalent expression.
  
• MAT-09.AR.06 Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems. Include equations arising from linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
  
• MAT-09.AR.04 Create linear and exponential equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities. Graph equations on coordinate axes with proper labels and scales.
  
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
  
• MAT-0.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions. Justify the most appropriate model for a situation based on the rate of change over equal intervals. Include situations in which a quantity grows or decays. 
  
• MAT-12.NO.01 Rewrite complex expressions involving radicals and rational exponents using the properties of exponents.
  
• MAT-12.NO.02 Perform basic operations on advanced radicals and simplify radicals to write equivalent expressions.
  
• MAT-12.AR.07 Create equations and inequalities and use them to solve problems. Include equations arising from linear and quadratic functions and simple rational and exponential functions.
  
• MAT-12.AR.08 Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities. Graph equations on coordinate axes with appropriate labels and scales.
  
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
  
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
  
• MAT-12.AR.F.15 Use properties of logarithms to express the solution to abct = d where a, c, and d are real numbers and b is a positive real number. Evaluate the logarithm using technology when appropriate.

• MAT-08.AR.F.01 Defend whether a relation is a function from various representations using appropriate function language.
• MAT-08.AR.F.02 Compare and contrast properties of two linear functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.03 Compare and contrast linear and non-linear functions represented in different ways (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.04 Model a linear relationship between two quantities by creating a table, graph, and equation. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models.
• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.02 Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.04 Relate the domain of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-09.AR.F.05 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function (presented algebraically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two linear, exponential, or quadratic functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-09.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.11 Interpret the parameters of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function in terms of context.
• MAT-10.GM.02 Represent transformations in the plane. Describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (i.e., rigid versus non-rigid motion).
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.01 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.02 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.05 Find inverse functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically, in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal discussions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity.
• MAT-12.AR.F.13 Determine whether a linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, or trigonometric model fits the situation. Determine an appropriate mathematical model in context (with or without technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π /3, π/4 and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 to find sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.
• MAT-12.AR.F.20 Use the unit circle to explain the symmetry (odd and even) and the periodicity of trigonometric functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.21 Create a trigonometric function to model periodic phenomena.
• MAT-12.AR.F.22 Restrict the domain of a trigonometric function to construct its inverse.
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.
• MAT-12.AR.F.24 Know and apply the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems.

• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.10 Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases.
• MAT-12.AR.F.15 Use the properties of logarithms to express the solution to abᶜᵗ = d where a, c, and d are real numbers and b is a positive real number. Evaluate the logarithm using technology when appropriate.

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

• MAT-08.AR.F.01 Defend whether a relation is a function from various representations using appropriate function language.
• MAT-08.AR.F.02 Compare and contrast properties of two linear functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.03 Compare and contrast linear and non-linear functions represented in different ways (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.04 Model a linear relationship between two quantities by creating a table, graph, and equation. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models.
• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.02 Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.04 Relate the domain of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-09.AR.F.05 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function (presented algebraically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two linear, exponential, or quadratic functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-09.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.11 Interpret the parameters of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function in terms of context.
• MAT-10.GM.02 Represent transformations in the plane. Describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (i.e., rigid versus non-rigid motion).
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.01 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.02 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.05 Find inverse functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically, in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal discussions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity.
• MAT-12.AR.F.13 Determine whether a linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, or trigonometric model fits the situation. Determine an appropriate mathematical model in context (with or without technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π /3, π/4 and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 to find sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.
• MAT-12.AR.F.20 Use the unit circle to explain the symmetry (odd and even) and the periodicity of trigonometric functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.21 Create a trigonometric function to model periodic phenomena.
• MAT-12.AR.F.22 Restrict the domain of a trigonometric function to construct its inverse.
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.
• MAT-12.AR.F.24 Know and apply the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems.

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

• MAT-08.AR.F.01 Defend whether a relation is a function from various representations using appropriate function language.
• MAT-08.AR.F.02 Compare and contrast properties of two linear functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.03 Compare and contrast linear and non-linear functions represented in different ways (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.04 Model a linear relationship between two quantities by creating a table, graph, and equation. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models.
• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.02 Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.04 Relate the domain of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-09.AR.F.05 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function (presented algebraically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two linear, exponential, or quadratic functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-09.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.11 Interpret the parameters of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function in terms of context.
• MAT-10.GM.02 Represent transformations in the plane. Describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (i.e., rigid versus non-rigid motion).
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.01 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.02 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.05 Find inverse functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically, in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal discussions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity.
• MAT-12.AR.F.13 Determine whether a linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, or trigonometric model fits the situation. Determine an appropriate mathematical model in context (with or without technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π /3, π/4 and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 to find sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.
• MAT-12.AR.F.20 Use the unit circle to explain the symmetry (odd and even) and the periodicity of trigonometric functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.21 Create a trigonometric function to model periodic phenomena.
• MAT-12.AR.F.22 Restrict the domain of a trigonometric function to construct its inverse.
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.
• MAT-12.AR.F.24 Know and apply the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems.

• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.09 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a linear, absolute value, or quadratic function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, h, and k given the graph of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.12 Identify, using graphs or tables, the solution(s) to linear or exponential functions f(x) = g(x) as xvalues that result in equivalent y-values.
• MAT-12.AR.14 Identify zeros of polynomials when suitable factorizations are available. Use the zeros to construct a rough graph of the function defined by the polynomial.
• MAT-12.AR.16 Identify, using graphs, technology, tables, or successive approximations, that the solution(s) to the equation f(x) = g(x) is the x-value(s) that result in the y-values of f(x) and g(x) being the same.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the values of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal descriptions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.10 Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity increasing exponentially eventually exceeds a quantity increasing as a linear or quadratic function
  

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

• MAT-08.AR.F.01 Defend whether a relation is a function from various representations using appropriate function language.
• MAT-08.AR.F.02 Compare and contrast properties of two linear functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.03 Compare and contrast linear and non-linear functions represented in different ways (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.04 Model a linear relationship between two quantities by creating a table, graph, and equation. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models.
• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.02 Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.04 Relate the domain of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-09.AR.F.05 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function (presented algebraically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two linear, exponential, or quadratic functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-09.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.11 Interpret the parameters of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function in terms of context.
• MAT-10.GM.02 Represent transformations in the plane. Describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (i.e., rigid versus non-rigid motion).
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.01 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.02 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.05 Find inverse functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically, in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal discussions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity.
• MAT-12.AR.F.13 Determine whether a linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, or trigonometric model fits the situation. Determine an appropriate mathematical model in context (with or without technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π /3, π/4 and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 to find sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.
• MAT-12.AR.F.20 Use the unit circle to explain the symmetry (odd and even) and the periodicity of trigonometric functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.21 Create a trigonometric function to model periodic phenomena.
• MAT-12.AR.F.22 Restrict the domain of a trigonometric function to construct its inverse.
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.
• MAT-12.AR.F.24 Know and apply the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems.

• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.09 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a linear, absolute value, or quadratic function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, h, and k given the graph of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.12 Identify, using graphs or tables, the solution(s) to linear or exponential functions f(x) = g(x) as xvalues that result in equivalent y-values.
• MAT-12.AR.14 Identify zeros of polynomials when suitable factorizations are available. Use the zeros to construct a rough graph of the function defined by the polynomial.
• MAT-12.AR.16 Identify, using graphs, technology, tables, or successive approximations, that the solution(s) to the equation f(x) = g(x) is the x-value(s) that result in the y-values of f(x) and g(x) being the same.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the values of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal descriptions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.10 Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity increasing exponentially eventually exceeds a quantity increasing as a linear or quadratic function
  

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.09 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a linear, absolute value, or quadratic function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, h, and k given the graph of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.12 Identify, using graphs or tables, the solution(s) to linear or exponential functions f(x) = g(x) as xvalues that result in equivalent y-values.
• MAT-12.AR.14 Identify zeros of polynomials when suitable factorizations are available. Use the zeros to construct a rough graph of the function defined by the polynomial.
• MAT-12.AR.16 Identify, using graphs, technology, tables, or successive approximations, that the solution(s) to the equation f(x) = g(x) is the x-value(s) that result in the y-values of f(x) and g(x) being the same.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the values of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal descriptions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.10 Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity increasing exponentially eventually exceeds a quantity increasing as a linear or quadratic function
  

• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.10 Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases.
• MAT-12.AR.F.15 Use the properties of logarithms to express the solution to abᶜᵗ = d where a, c, and d are real numbers and b is a positive real number. Evaluate the logarithm using technology when appropriate.

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

• MAT-08.AR.F.01 Defend whether a relation is a function from various representations using appropriate function language.
• MAT-08.AR.F.02 Compare and contrast properties of two linear functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.03 Compare and contrast linear and non-linear functions represented in different ways (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.04 Model a linear relationship between two quantities by creating a table, graph, and equation. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models.
• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.02 Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.04 Relate the domain of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-09.AR.F.05 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function (presented algebraically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two linear, exponential, or quadratic functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-09.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.11 Interpret the parameters of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function in terms of context.
• MAT-10.GM.02 Represent transformations in the plane. Describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (i.e., rigid versus non-rigid motion).
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.01 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.02 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.05 Find inverse functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically, in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal discussions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity.
• MAT-12.AR.F.13 Determine whether a linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, or trigonometric model fits the situation. Determine an appropriate mathematical model in context (with or without technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π /3, π/4 and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 to find sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.
• MAT-12.AR.F.20 Use the unit circle to explain the symmetry (odd and even) and the periodicity of trigonometric functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.21 Create a trigonometric function to model periodic phenomena.
• MAT-12.AR.F.22 Restrict the domain of a trigonometric function to construct its inverse.
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.
• MAT-12.AR.F.24 Know and apply the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems.

• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.09 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a linear, absolute value, or quadratic function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, h, and k given the graph of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.12 Identify, using graphs or tables, the solution(s) to linear or exponential functions f(x) = g(x) as xvalues that result in equivalent y-values.
• MAT-12.AR.14 Identify zeros of polynomials when suitable factorizations are available. Use the zeros to construct a rough graph of the function defined by the polynomial.
• MAT-12.AR.16 Identify, using graphs, technology, tables, or successive approximations, that the solution(s) to the equation f(x) = g(x) is the x-value(s) that result in the y-values of f(x) and g(x) being the same.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the values of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal descriptions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.10 Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity increasing exponentially eventually exceeds a quantity increasing as a linear or quadratic function
  

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

• MAT-08.AR.F.01 Defend whether a relation is a function from various representations using appropriate function language.
• MAT-08.AR.F.02 Compare and contrast properties of two linear functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.03 Compare and contrast linear and non-linear functions represented in different ways (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.04 Model a linear relationship between two quantities by creating a table, graph, and equation. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models.
• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.02 Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.04 Relate the domain of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-09.AR.F.05 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function (presented algebraically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two linear, exponential, or quadratic functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-09.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.11 Interpret the parameters of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function in terms of context.
• MAT-10.GM.02 Represent transformations in the plane. Describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (i.e., rigid versus non-rigid motion).
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.01 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.02 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.05 Find inverse functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically, in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal discussions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity.
• MAT-12.AR.F.13 Determine whether a linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, or trigonometric model fits the situation. Determine an appropriate mathematical model in context (with or without technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π /3, π/4 and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 to find sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.
• MAT-12.AR.F.20 Use the unit circle to explain the symmetry (odd and even) and the periodicity of trigonometric functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.21 Create a trigonometric function to model periodic phenomena.
• MAT-12.AR.F.22 Restrict the domain of a trigonometric function to construct its inverse.
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.
• MAT-12.AR.F.24 Know and apply the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems.

• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.09 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a linear, absolute value, or quadratic function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, h, and k given the graph of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.12 Identify, using graphs or tables, the solution(s) to linear or exponential functions f(x) = g(x) as xvalues that result in equivalent y-values.
• MAT-12.AR.14 Identify zeros of polynomials when suitable factorizations are available. Use the zeros to construct a rough graph of the function defined by the polynomial.
• MAT-12.AR.16 Identify, using graphs, technology, tables, or successive approximations, that the solution(s) to the equation f(x) = g(x) is the x-value(s) that result in the y-values of f(x) and g(x) being the same.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the values of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal descriptions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.10 Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity increasing exponentially eventually exceeds a quantity increasing as a linear or quadratic function
  

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

• MAT-08.AR.F.01 Defend whether a relation is a function from various representations using appropriate function language.
• MAT-08.AR.F.02 Compare and contrast properties of two linear functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.03 Compare and contrast linear and non-linear functions represented in different ways (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.04 Model a linear relationship between two quantities by creating a table, graph, and equation. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models.
• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.02 Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.04 Relate the domain of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-09.AR.F.05 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function (presented algebraically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two linear, exponential, or quadratic functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-09.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.11 Interpret the parameters of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function in terms of context.
• MAT-10.GM.02 Represent transformations in the plane. Describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (i.e., rigid versus non-rigid motion).
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.01 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.02 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.05 Find inverse functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically, in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal discussions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity.
• MAT-12.AR.F.13 Determine whether a linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, or trigonometric model fits the situation. Determine an appropriate mathematical model in context (with or without technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π /3, π/4 and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 to find sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.
• MAT-12.AR.F.20 Use the unit circle to explain the symmetry (odd and even) and the periodicity of trigonometric functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.21 Create a trigonometric function to model periodic phenomena.
• MAT-12.AR.F.22 Restrict the domain of a trigonometric function to construct its inverse.
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.
• MAT-12.AR.F.24 Know and apply the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems.

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

• MAT-07.AR.EE.01 Apply the properties of operations as strategies to add, subtract, factor, and expand linear expressions involving variables, integers, and/or non-negative fractions and decimals with an emphasis on writing equivalent expressions.
• MAT-08.AR.EE.03 Explain the characteristics of a linear relationship, including identifying the slope and yintercept in tables, graphs, equations, and descriptions.
• MAT-08.AR.EE.04 Represent linear relationships using tables, graphs, equations, and descriptions when given a relationship in one of these forms.
• MAT-08.AR.EE.05 Solve linear equations with rational number coefficients and variables on both sides, including equations that require using the distributive property and/or combining and collecting like terms. Interpret the number of solutions. Give examples of linear equations in one variable with one solution, many solutions, or no solutions.
• MAT-09.AR.03 Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems. Include equations arising from linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.04 Create linear and exponential equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities. Graph equations on coordinate axes with appropriate labels and scales.
• MAT-09.AR.05 Justify each step in solving a linear equation that may or may not have a solution.
• MAT-09.AR.06 Solve linear equations and inequalities (to include compound inequalities) in one variable.
• MAT-09.AR.07 Solve a system of linear equations graphically and algebraically. Create and solve a system of linear equations in context and interpret the results.
• MAT-12.AR.05 Add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational expressions. Understand that rational expressions form a system analogous to rational numbers, closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division by a nonzero rational expression.
• MAT-12.AR.07 Create equations and inequalities and use them to solve problems. Include equations arising from linear and quadratic functions and simple rational and exponential functions.
• MAT-12.AR.08 Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities.
• Graph equations on coordinate axes with appropriate labels and scales.
• MAT-12.AR.09 Represent constraints by equations or inequalities and by systems of equations and/or inequalities and interpret solutions as viable or non-viable options in a modeling context.
• MAT-12.AR.12 Solve simple rational and radical equations in one variable and identify extraneous solutions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.15 Apply the Factor and Remainder Theorems to determine efficiently whether a liner expression is a factor of a polynomial expression.
• MAT-12.AR.16 Using graphs, technology, tables, or successive approximations, show that the solution(s) to the equation f(x) = g(x) is the x-value(s) that result in the y-values of f(x) and g(x) being the same.
• MAT-12.AR.17 Solve a simple system consisting of a linear equation and a quadratic equation in two variables algebraically and graphically.
• MAT-12.AR.18 Find the inverse of a matrix if it exists and use it to solve systems of linear equations (using technology for matrices of dimension 3 × 3 or greater).
• MAT-12.NO.13 Apply the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra to find all roots of a polynomial equation and determine the nature (i.e., integer, rational, irrational, real, complex) of the roots.
• MAT-12.AR.19 Solve a system of equations in three or more variables with matrices (using technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.

• MAT-08.AR.F.01 Defend whether a relation is a function from various representations using appropriate function language.
• MAT-08.AR.F.02 Compare and contrast properties of two linear functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.03 Compare and contrast linear and non-linear functions represented in different ways (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.04 Model a linear relationship between two quantities by creating a table, graph, and equation. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models.
• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.02 Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.04 Relate the domain of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-09.AR.F.05 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function (presented algebraically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two linear, exponential, or quadratic functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-09.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.11 Interpret the parameters of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function in terms of context.
• MAT-10.GM.02 Represent transformations in the plane. Describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (i.e., rigid versus non-rigid motion).
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.01 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.02 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.05 Find inverse functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically, in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal discussions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity.
• MAT-12.AR.F.13 Determine whether a linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, or trigonometric model fits the situation. Determine an appropriate mathematical model in context (with or without technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π /3, π/4 and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 to find sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.
• MAT-12.AR.F.20 Use the unit circle to explain the symmetry (odd and even) and the periodicity of trigonometric functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.21 Create a trigonometric function to model periodic phenomena.
• MAT-12.AR.F.22 Restrict the domain of a trigonometric function to construct its inverse.
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.
• MAT-12.AR.F.24 Know and apply the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems.

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

Exponents

• MAT-05.NO.NBT.07 Explain patterns in the number of zeros of the product when multiplying a number by powers of 10. Explain patterns in the placement of the decimal point when a decimal is multiplied or divided by a power of 10. Use whole-number exponents to denote powers of 10.
  
• MAT-06.AR.EE.01 Write, read, and evaluate numerical expressions, including expressions with whole number exponents and grouping symbols.
  
• MAT-08.AR.EE.01 Explain the relationship between repeated multiplication and the properties of integer exponents. Apply a single exponent property to generate equivalent numeric and algebraic expressions that include numerical coefficients.
  
• MAT-09.NO.01 Explain how the definition of rational exponents follows from extending the properties of integer exponents; rewrite simple expressions involving radicals and rational exponents using the properties of exponents.
  
• MAT-09.NO.02 Perform basic operations on simple radical expressions to write a simplified equivalent expression.
  
• MAT-09.AR.06 Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems. Include equations arising from linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
  
• MAT-09.AR.04 Create linear and exponential equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities. Graph equations on coordinate axes with proper labels and scales.
  
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
  
• MAT-0.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions. Justify the most appropriate model for a situation based on the rate of change over equal intervals. Include situations in which a quantity grows or decays. 
  
• MAT-12.NO.01 Rewrite complex expressions involving radicals and rational exponents using the properties of exponents.
  
• MAT-12.NO.02 Perform basic operations on advanced radicals and simplify radicals to write equivalent expressions.
  
• MAT-12.AR.07 Create equations and inequalities and use them to solve problems. Include equations arising from linear and quadratic functions and simple rational and exponential functions.
  
• MAT-12.AR.08 Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities. Graph equations on coordinate axes with appropriate labels and scales.
  
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
  
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
  
• MAT-12.AR.F.15 Use properties of logarithms to express the solution to abct = d where a, c, and d are real numbers and b is a positive real number. Evaluate the logarithm using technology when appropriate.

• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.10 Graph functions expressed symbolically and show key features of the graph by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases.
• MAT-12.AR.F.15 Use the properties of logarithms to express the solution to abᶜᵗ = d where a, c, and d are real numbers and b is a positive real number. Evaluate the logarithm using technology when appropriate.

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

• MAT-08.AR.F.01 Defend whether a relation is a function from various representations using appropriate function language.
• MAT-08.AR.F.02 Compare and contrast properties of two linear functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.03 Compare and contrast linear and non-linear functions represented in different ways (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.04 Model a linear relationship between two quantities by creating a table, graph, and equation. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models.
• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.02 Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.04 Relate the domain of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-09.AR.F.05 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function (presented algebraically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two linear, exponential, or quadratic functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-09.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.11 Interpret the parameters of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function in terms of context.
• MAT-10.GM.02 Represent transformations in the plane. Describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (i.e., rigid versus non-rigid motion).
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.01 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.02 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.05 Find inverse functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically, in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal discussions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity.
• MAT-12.AR.F.13 Determine whether a linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, or trigonometric model fits the situation. Determine an appropriate mathematical model in context (with or without technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π /3, π/4 and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 to find sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.
• MAT-12.AR.F.20 Use the unit circle to explain the symmetry (odd and even) and the periodicity of trigonometric functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.21 Create a trigonometric function to model periodic phenomena.
• MAT-12.AR.F.22 Restrict the domain of a trigonometric function to construct its inverse.
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.
• MAT-12.AR.F.24 Know and apply the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems.

Angles/Triangles

• MAT-03.GM.G.01 In two-dimensional shapes, identify lines, angles (right, acute, obtuse), and perpendicular and parallel lines.
• MAT-04.GM.G.01 Identify, label, and draw points, lines, line segments, rays, and angles (right, acute, obtuse).
• MAT-04.GM.M.07 Recognize angle measures as additive and solve addition and subtraction problems to find unknown angles on a diagram.
• MAT-07.GM.GF.01 Draw triangles from given conditions using appropriate tools. Defend whether a unique triangle, multiple triangles, or no triangle can be constructed when given three measures of angles or sides.
• MAT-07.GM.GF.02 Describe the angle-pair relationships: supplementary angles, complementary angles, vertical angles, and adjacent angles. Solve for an unknown angle in a figure by applying facts about these angles.
• MAT-08.GM.GF.04 Describe the following angle-pair relationships: interior and exterior angles of triangles and angles formed when a transversal cuts parallel lines or intersecting lines. Solve for an unknown angle in a figure by applying facts about these angles.
• MAT-08.GM.GF.05 Describe the relationship between the leg length and the hypotenuse length of a right triangle. Determine whether a triangle is a right triangle using this relationship.
• MAT-08.GM.GF.06 Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to determine unknown side lengths in right triangles in two and three dimensions on and off a coordinate plane, including authentic problems.
• MAT-10.GM.01 Know precise definitions of angle, circle, perpendicular line, parallel line, and line segment based on the undefined notions of point, line, and plane.
• MAT-10.GM.09 Prove and apply theorems about lines and angles.
• MAT-10.GM.10 Prove and apply theorems about triangles.
• MAT-10.GM.18 Recognize how the properties of similar right triangles allow for trigonometric ratios to be defined and determine the sine, cosine, and tangent of an acute angle in a right triangle.
• MAT-10.GM.19 Explain and use the relationship between the sine and cosine of complementary angles.
• MAT-10.GM.20 Solve applied problems involving right triangles using trigonometric ratios, the Pythagorean Theorem, and special right triangles (30º, -60º, -90º, and 45º-45º-90º).
• MAT-10.GM.21 Solve unknown sides and angles of non-right triangles using the Laws of Sines and Cosines.
• MAT-10.GM.23 Construct the incenter and circumcenter of a triangle. Relate the incenter and circumcenter to the inscribed and circumscribed circles.
• MAT-10.GM.24 Construct a tangent line from a point outside a given circle to the circle.
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π/3, π/4, and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin² (θ) + cos² (θ) = 1 to find sin (θ), cos (θ), or tan (θ) given sin (θ), cos (θ), or tan (θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.GM.03 Determine and apply appropriate formulas to solve right and non-right triangle problems in context

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

• MAT-08.AR.F.01 Defend whether a relation is a function from various representations using appropriate function language.
• MAT-08.AR.F.02 Compare and contrast properties of two linear functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.03 Compare and contrast linear and non-linear functions represented in different ways (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.04 Model a linear relationship between two quantities by creating a table, graph, and equation. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models.
• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.02 Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.04 Relate the domain of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-09.AR.F.05 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function (presented algebraically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two linear, exponential, or quadratic functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-09.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.11 Interpret the parameters of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function in terms of context.
• MAT-10.GM.02 Represent transformations in the plane. Describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (i.e., rigid versus non-rigid motion).
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.01 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.02 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.05 Find inverse functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically, in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal discussions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity.
• MAT-12.AR.F.13 Determine whether a linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, or trigonometric model fits the situation. Determine an appropriate mathematical model in context (with or without technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π /3, π/4 and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 to find sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.
• MAT-12.AR.F.20 Use the unit circle to explain the symmetry (odd and even) and the periodicity of trigonometric functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.21 Create a trigonometric function to model periodic phenomena.
• MAT-12.AR.F.22 Restrict the domain of a trigonometric function to construct its inverse.
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.
• MAT-12.AR.F.24 Know and apply the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems.

Angles/Triangles

• MAT-03.GM.G.01 In two-dimensional shapes, identify lines, angles (right, acute, obtuse), and perpendicular and parallel lines.
• MAT-04.GM.G.01 Identify, label, and draw points, lines, line segments, rays, and angles (right, acute, obtuse).
• MAT-04.GM.M.07 Recognize angle measures as additive and solve addition and subtraction problems to find unknown angles on a diagram.
• MAT-07.GM.GF.01 Draw triangles from given conditions using appropriate tools. Defend whether a unique triangle, multiple triangles, or no triangle can be constructed when given three measures of angles or sides.
• MAT-07.GM.GF.02 Describe the angle-pair relationships: supplementary angles, complementary angles, vertical angles, and adjacent angles. Solve for an unknown angle in a figure by applying facts about these angles.
• MAT-08.GM.GF.04 Describe the following angle-pair relationships: interior and exterior angles of triangles and angles formed when a transversal cuts parallel lines or intersecting lines. Solve for an unknown angle in a figure by applying facts about these angles.
• MAT-08.GM.GF.05 Describe the relationship between the leg length and the hypotenuse length of a right triangle. Determine whether a triangle is a right triangle using this relationship.
• MAT-08.GM.GF.06 Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to determine unknown side lengths in right triangles in two and three dimensions on and off a coordinate plane, including authentic problems.
• MAT-10.GM.01 Know precise definitions of angle, circle, perpendicular line, parallel line, and line segment based on the undefined notions of point, line, and plane.
• MAT-10.GM.09 Prove and apply theorems about lines and angles.
• MAT-10.GM.10 Prove and apply theorems about triangles.
• MAT-10.GM.18 Recognize how the properties of similar right triangles allow for trigonometric ratios to be defined and determine the sine, cosine, and tangent of an acute angle in a right triangle.
• MAT-10.GM.19 Explain and use the relationship between the sine and cosine of complementary angles.
• MAT-10.GM.20 Solve applied problems involving right triangles using trigonometric ratios, the Pythagorean Theorem, and special right triangles (30º, -60º, -90º, and 45º-45º-90º).
• MAT-10.GM.21 Solve unknown sides and angles of non-right triangles using the Laws of Sines and Cosines.
• MAT-10.GM.23 Construct the incenter and circumcenter of a triangle. Relate the incenter and circumcenter to the inscribed and circumscribed circles.
• MAT-10.GM.24 Construct a tangent line from a point outside a given circle to the circle.
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π/3, π/4, and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin² (θ) + cos² (θ) = 1 to find sin (θ), cos (θ), or tan (θ) given sin (θ), cos (θ), or tan (θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.GM.03 Determine and apply appropriate formulas to solve right and non-right triangle problems in context

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

• MAT-08.AR.F.01 Defend whether a relation is a function from various representations using appropriate function language.
• MAT-08.AR.F.02 Compare and contrast properties of two linear functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.03 Compare and contrast linear and non-linear functions represented in different ways (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.04 Model a linear relationship between two quantities by creating a table, graph, and equation. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models.
• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.02 Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.04 Relate the domain of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-09.AR.F.05 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function (presented algebraically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two linear, exponential, or quadratic functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-09.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.11 Interpret the parameters of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function in terms of context.
• MAT-10.GM.02 Represent transformations in the plane. Describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (i.e., rigid versus non-rigid motion).
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.01 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.02 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.05 Find inverse functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically, in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal discussions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity.
• MAT-12.AR.F.13 Determine whether a linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, or trigonometric model fits the situation. Determine an appropriate mathematical model in context (with or without technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π /3, π/4 and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 to find sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.
• MAT-12.AR.F.20 Use the unit circle to explain the symmetry (odd and even) and the periodicity of trigonometric functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.21 Create a trigonometric function to model periodic phenomena.
• MAT-12.AR.F.22 Restrict the domain of a trigonometric function to construct its inverse.
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.
• MAT-12.AR.F.24 Know and apply the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems.

Coordinate Plane

• MAT-03.GM.G.01 In two-dimensional shapes, identify lines, angles (right, acute, obtuse), and perpendicular and parallel lines.
• MAT-05.GM.G.02 Identify the x-coordinate and y-coordinate to graph and name points in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane.
• MAT-05.GM.G.03 Form ordered pairs and graph points in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane to solve authentic word problems.
• MAT-06.GM.GF.01 Identify and position ordered pairs of rational numbers in all four quadrants of a coordinate plane.
• MAT-06.GM.GF.02 Draw polygons in the coordinate plane given coordinates for vertices. Determine the length of a side joining points with the same first or second coordinate, including authentic problems.
• MAT-10.GM.27 Develop and verify the slope criteria for parallel and perpendicular lines. Apply the slope criteria for parallel and perpendicular lines to solve geometric problems using algebra.
• MAT-10.GM.28 Verify simple geometric theorems algebraically using coordinates. Verify algebraically, using coordinates, that a given set of points produces a particular type of triangle or quadrilateral.
• MAT-10.GM.29 Determine the midpoint or endpoint of a line segment using coordinates. (+) Find the point on a directed line segment between two given points that partitions the segments in a given ratio.
• MAT-12.NO.10 Represent complex numbers on the complex plane in rectangular, trigonometric, and polar forms. Find the modulus (absolute value) of a complex number. Explain why the rectangular, trigonometric, and polar forms of a given complex number represent the same number.
• MAT-12.NO.11 Represent addition, subtraction, multiplication, conjugation, powers, and roots of complex numbers geometrically on the complex and/or polar plane; use properties of this representation for computation.
• MAT-12.NO.14 Recognize vector quantities as having both magnitude and direction, writing them in polar form.
• MAT-12.NO.15 Find the components of a vector by subtracting the coordinates of an initial point from the coordinates of a terminal point.
• MAT-12.NO.16 Solve problems involving magnitude and direction that can be represented by vectors.
• MAT-12.NO.17 Add and subtract vectors.
• MAT-12.NO.18 Multiply a vector by a scalar.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.

Circle Measurements

• MAT-07.GM.AV.01 Describe the relationship between the circumference and diameter of a circle (pi). Apply the given formula to calculate the area and circumference of a circle, including in authentic problems.
• MAT-10.GM.22 Apply theorems about relationships between line segments and circles or angles and circles formed by radii, diameter, secants, tangents, and chords to find unknown lengths or angles.
• MAT-10.GM.25 Explain and use the formulas for arc length and area of sectors of circles.
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-10.GM.31 Explain derivations of the formulas for the circumference of a circle, area of a circle, and volume of a cylinder, pyramid, and cone.
• MAT-12.GM.01 Write the equation of a conic section given its special features. Convert between the standard form and general form equations of conic sections.
• MAT-12.GM.02 Identify key features of a conic section given its equation. Apply properties of conic sections in context.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

• MAT-08.AR.F.01 Defend whether a relation is a function from various representations using appropriate function language.
• MAT-08.AR.F.02 Compare and contrast properties of two linear functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.03 Compare and contrast linear and non-linear functions represented in different ways (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.04 Model a linear relationship between two quantities by creating a table, graph, and equation. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models.
• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.02 Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.04 Relate the domain of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-09.AR.F.05 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function (presented algebraically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two linear, exponential, or quadratic functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-09.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.11 Interpret the parameters of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function in terms of context.
• MAT-10.GM.02 Represent transformations in the plane. Describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (i.e., rigid versus non-rigid motion).
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.01 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.02 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.05 Find inverse functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically, in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal discussions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity.
• MAT-12.AR.F.13 Determine whether a linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, or trigonometric model fits the situation. Determine an appropriate mathematical model in context (with or without technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π /3, π/4 and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 to find sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.
• MAT-12.AR.F.20 Use the unit circle to explain the symmetry (odd and even) and the periodicity of trigonometric functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.21 Create a trigonometric function to model periodic phenomena.
• MAT-12.AR.F.22 Restrict the domain of a trigonometric function to construct its inverse.
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.
• MAT-12.AR.F.24 Know and apply the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems.

Coordinate Plane

• MAT-03.GM.G.01 In two-dimensional shapes, identify lines, angles (right, acute, obtuse), and perpendicular and parallel lines.
• MAT-05.GM.G.02 Identify the x-coordinate and y-coordinate to graph and name points in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane.
• MAT-05.GM.G.03 Form ordered pairs and graph points in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane to solve authentic word problems.
• MAT-06.GM.GF.01 Identify and position ordered pairs of rational numbers in all four quadrants of a coordinate plane.
• MAT-06.GM.GF.02 Draw polygons in the coordinate plane given coordinates for vertices. Determine the length of a side joining points with the same first or second coordinate, including authentic problems.
• MAT-10.GM.27 Develop and verify the slope criteria for parallel and perpendicular lines. Apply the slope criteria for parallel and perpendicular lines to solve geometric problems using algebra.
• MAT-10.GM.28 Verify simple geometric theorems algebraically using coordinates. Verify algebraically, using coordinates, that a given set of points produces a particular type of triangle or quadrilateral.
• MAT-10.GM.29 Determine the midpoint or endpoint of a line segment using coordinates. (+) Find the point on a directed line segment between two given points that partitions the segments in a given ratio.
• MAT-12.NO.10 Represent complex numbers on the complex plane in rectangular, trigonometric, and polar forms. Find the modulus (absolute value) of a complex number. Explain why the rectangular, trigonometric, and polar forms of a given complex number represent the same number.
• MAT-12.NO.11 Represent addition, subtraction, multiplication, conjugation, powers, and roots of complex numbers geometrically on the complex and/or polar plane; use properties of this representation for computation.
• MAT-12.NO.14 Recognize vector quantities as having both magnitude and direction, writing them in polar form.
• MAT-12.NO.15 Find the components of a vector by subtracting the coordinates of an initial point from the coordinates of a terminal point.
• MAT-12.NO.16 Solve problems involving magnitude and direction that can be represented by vectors.
• MAT-12.NO.17 Add and subtract vectors.
• MAT-12.NO.18 Multiply a vector by a scalar.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

• MAT-08.AR.F.01 Defend whether a relation is a function from various representations using appropriate function language.
• MAT-08.AR.F.02 Compare and contrast properties of two linear functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.03 Compare and contrast linear and non-linear functions represented in different ways (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.04 Model a linear relationship between two quantities by creating a table, graph, and equation. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models.
• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.02 Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.04 Relate the domain of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-09.AR.F.05 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function (presented algebraically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two linear, exponential, or quadratic functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-09.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.11 Interpret the parameters of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function in terms of context.
• MAT-10.GM.02 Represent transformations in the plane. Describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (i.e., rigid versus non-rigid motion).
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.01 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.02 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.05 Find inverse functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically, in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal discussions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity.
• MAT-12.AR.F.13 Determine whether a linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, or trigonometric model fits the situation. Determine an appropriate mathematical model in context (with or without technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π /3, π/4 and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 to find sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.
• MAT-12.AR.F.20 Use the unit circle to explain the symmetry (odd and even) and the periodicity of trigonometric functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.21 Create a trigonometric function to model periodic phenomena.
• MAT-12.AR.F.22 Restrict the domain of a trigonometric function to construct its inverse.
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.
• MAT-12.AR.F.24 Know and apply the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems.

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

• MAT-08.AR.F.01 Defend whether a relation is a function from various representations using appropriate function language.
• MAT-08.AR.F.02 Compare and contrast properties of two linear functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.03 Compare and contrast linear and non-linear functions represented in different ways (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.04 Model a linear relationship between two quantities by creating a table, graph, and equation. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models.
• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.02 Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.04 Relate the domain of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-09.AR.F.05 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function (presented algebraically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two linear, exponential, or quadratic functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-09.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.11 Interpret the parameters of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function in terms of context.
• MAT-10.GM.02 Represent transformations in the plane. Describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (i.e., rigid versus non-rigid motion).
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.01 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.02 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.05 Find inverse functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically, in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal discussions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity.
• MAT-12.AR.F.13 Determine whether a linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, or trigonometric model fits the situation. Determine an appropriate mathematical model in context (with or without technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π /3, π/4 and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 to find sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.
• MAT-12.AR.F.20 Use the unit circle to explain the symmetry (odd and even) and the periodicity of trigonometric functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.21 Create a trigonometric function to model periodic phenomena.
• MAT-12.AR.F.22 Restrict the domain of a trigonometric function to construct its inverse.
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.
• MAT-12.AR.F.24 Know and apply the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems.

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

• MAT-08.AR.F.01 Defend whether a relation is a function from various representations using appropriate function language.
• MAT-08.AR.F.02 Compare and contrast properties of two linear functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.03 Compare and contrast linear and non-linear functions represented in different ways (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.04 Model a linear relationship between two quantities by creating a table, graph, and equation. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models.
• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.02 Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.04 Relate the domain of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-09.AR.F.05 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function (presented algebraically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two linear, exponential, or quadratic functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-09.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.11 Interpret the parameters of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function in terms of context.
• MAT-10.GM.02 Represent transformations in the plane. Describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (i.e., rigid versus non-rigid motion).
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.01 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.02 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.05 Find inverse functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically, in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal discussions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity.
• MAT-12.AR.F.13 Determine whether a linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, or trigonometric model fits the situation. Determine an appropriate mathematical model in context (with or without technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π /3, π/4 and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 to find sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.
• MAT-12.AR.F.20 Use the unit circle to explain the symmetry (odd and even) and the periodicity of trigonometric functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.21 Create a trigonometric function to model periodic phenomena.
• MAT-12.AR.F.22 Restrict the domain of a trigonometric function to construct its inverse.
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.
• MAT-12.AR.F.24 Know and apply the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems.

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

• MAT-07.AR.EE.01 Apply the properties of operations as strategies to add, subtract, factor, and expand linear expressions involving variables, integers, and/or non-negative fractions and decimals with an emphasis on writing equivalent expressions.
• MAT-08.AR.EE.03 Explain the characteristics of a linear relationship, including identifying the slope and yintercept in tables, graphs, equations, and descriptions.
• MAT-08.AR.EE.04 Represent linear relationships using tables, graphs, equations, and descriptions when given a relationship in one of these forms.
• MAT-08.AR.EE.05 Solve linear equations with rational number coefficients and variables on both sides, including equations that require using the distributive property and/or combining and collecting like terms. Interpret the number of solutions. Give examples of linear equations in one variable with one solution, many solutions, or no solutions.
• MAT-09.AR.03 Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems. Include equations arising from linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.04 Create linear and exponential equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities. Graph equations on coordinate axes with appropriate labels and scales.
• MAT-09.AR.05 Justify each step in solving a linear equation that may or may not have a solution.
• MAT-09.AR.06 Solve linear equations and inequalities (to include compound inequalities) in one variable.
• MAT-09.AR.07 Solve a system of linear equations graphically and algebraically. Create and solve a system of linear equations in context and interpret the results.
• MAT-12.AR.05 Add, subtract, multiply, and divide rational expressions. Understand that rational expressions form a system analogous to rational numbers, closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division by a nonzero rational expression.
• MAT-12.AR.07 Create equations and inequalities and use them to solve problems. Include equations arising from linear and quadratic functions and simple rational and exponential functions.
• MAT-12.AR.08 Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities.
• Graph equations on coordinate axes with appropriate labels and scales.
• MAT-12.AR.09 Represent constraints by equations or inequalities and by systems of equations and/or inequalities and interpret solutions as viable or non-viable options in a modeling context.
• MAT-12.AR.12 Solve simple rational and radical equations in one variable and identify extraneous solutions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.15 Apply the Factor and Remainder Theorems to determine efficiently whether a liner expression is a factor of a polynomial expression.
• MAT-12.AR.16 Using graphs, technology, tables, or successive approximations, show that the solution(s) to the equation f(x) = g(x) is the x-value(s) that result in the y-values of f(x) and g(x) being the same.
• MAT-12.AR.17 Solve a simple system consisting of a linear equation and a quadratic equation in two variables algebraically and graphically.
• MAT-12.AR.18 Find the inverse of a matrix if it exists and use it to solve systems of linear equations (using technology for matrices of dimension 3 × 3 or greater).
• MAT-12.NO.13 Apply the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra to find all roots of a polynomial equation and determine the nature (i.e., integer, rational, irrational, real, complex) of the roots.
• MAT-12.AR.19 Solve a system of equations in three or more variables with matrices (using technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.

• MAT-08.AR.F.01 Defend whether a relation is a function from various representations using appropriate function language.
• MAT-08.AR.F.02 Compare and contrast properties of two linear functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.03 Compare and contrast linear and non-linear functions represented in different ways (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.04 Model a linear relationship between two quantities by creating a table, graph, and equation. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models.
• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.02 Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.04 Relate the domain of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-09.AR.F.05 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function (presented algebraically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two linear, exponential, or quadratic functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-09.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.11 Interpret the parameters of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function in terms of context.
• MAT-10.GM.02 Represent transformations in the plane. Describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (i.e., rigid versus non-rigid motion).
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.01 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.02 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.05 Find inverse functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically, in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal discussions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity.
• MAT-12.AR.F.13 Determine whether a linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, or trigonometric model fits the situation. Determine an appropriate mathematical model in context (with or without technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π /3, π/4 and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 to find sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.
• MAT-12.AR.F.20 Use the unit circle to explain the symmetry (odd and even) and the periodicity of trigonometric functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.21 Create a trigonometric function to model periodic phenomena.
• MAT-12.AR.F.22 Restrict the domain of a trigonometric function to construct its inverse.
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.
• MAT-12.AR.F.24 Know and apply the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems.

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (AR) Algebraic Reasoning (Functions) Learners will develop a foundational knowledge of functions and use them to model relationships between quantities.

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

• MAT-08.AR.F.01 Defend whether a relation is a function from various representations using appropriate function language.
• MAT-08.AR.F.02 Compare and contrast properties of two linear functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.03 Compare and contrast linear and non-linear functions represented in different ways (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, and/or by descriptions).
• MAT-08.AR.F.04 Model a linear relationship between two quantities by creating a table, graph, and equation. Interpret the rate of change and initial value of a linear function in terms of the situation it models.
• MAT-08.AR.F.05 Describe qualitatively the functional relationship between two quantities by analyzing a graph, including where the function is constant, increasing, or decreasing; linear or nonlinear; and discrete or continuous. Create a graph that exhibits the qualitative features of a function described.
• MAT-09.AR.F.01 Determine whether a relationship is a function given a table, graph, or words, identifying x as an element of the domain and f(x) as an element in the range. Determine the domain and range of a function in context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.02 Use function notation, evaluate functions for inputs in their domains and interpret statements that use function notation in terms of context.
• MAT-09.AR.F.03 Sketch key features (to include intercepts, maximums, minimums, and lines of symmetry, where applicable) of linear, exponential, and quadratic functions modeling the relationship between two quantities using tables, graphs, written descriptions, and equations.
• MAT-09.AR.F.04 Relate the domain of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-09.AR.F.05 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function (presented algebraically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-09.AR.F.06 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two linear, exponential, or quadratic functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-09.AR.F.08 Identify situations that can be modeled with linear, quadratic, and exponential functions.
• MAT-09.AR.F.10 Find the inverse of a linear function and describe the relationship between the domain, range, and graph of the function and its inverse. Graph the inverse of a linear function.
• MAT-09.AR.F.11 Interpret the parameters of a linear, quadratic, or exponential function in terms of context.
• MAT-10.GM.02 Represent transformations in the plane. Describe transformations as functions that take points in the plane as inputs and give other points as outputs. Compare transformations that preserve distance and angle to those that do not (i.e., rigid versus non-rigid motion).
• MAT-10.GM.26 Recognize that the radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the length of the arc to the length of the radius of a circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.01 Write a function that describes a relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.02 Calculate and interpret the average rate of change of a function (presented symbolically or as a table) over a specified interval. Estimate the rate of change from a graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.03 Write a function defined by an expression in different but equivalent forms to reveal and explain the different properties of the function.
• MAT-12.AR.F.04 Identify the effect of transformations on the graph of a function by replacing f(x) with af(x), f(bx), f(x - h), and f(x) + k, for specific values of a, h, and k (both positive and negative). Find the value of a, b, h, and k given the graph of the function. Recognize even and odd functions from their graphs and equations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.05 Find inverse functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.06 Apply the inverse relationship between exponents and logarithms to solve problems.
• MAT-12.AR.F.07 Compare key features of two functions, each represented in a different way (algebraically, graphically, numerically, in tables, or by verbal descriptions).
• MAT-12.AR.F.08 Use tables, graphs, verbal discussions, and equations to interpret and sketch the key features of a function modeling the relationship between two quantities.
• MAT-12.AR.F.09 Relate the domain of a function to its graph and, where applicable, to the quantitative relationship it describes.
• MAT-12.AR.F.11 Analyze and graph functions expressed symbolically (by hand in simple cases and using technology for more complicated cases), identifying key features of the graph.
• MAT-12.AR.F.12 Compare the end behavior of linear, quadratic, and exponential functions using graphs and/or tables to show that a quantity.
• MAT-12.AR.F.13 Determine whether a linear, quadratic, polynomial, exponential, logarithmic, or trigonometric model fits the situation. Determine an appropriate mathematical model in context (with or without technology).
• MAT-12.AR.F.14 Write arithmetic and geometric sequences both recursively and with an explicit formula and convert between the two forms. Use sequences to model situations.
• MAT-12.AR.F.16 Extend right triangle trigonometry and apply knowledge of the unit circle to determine values of sine, cosine, and tangent for multiples of π /3, π/4 and π/6.
• MAT-12.AR.F.17 Use the Pythagorean Identity sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1 to find sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) given sin(θ), cos(θ), or tan(θ) and the quadrant of the angle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.18 Explain how the unit circle in the coordinate plane enables the extension of trigonometric functions to all real numbers, interpreted as radian measures of angles traversed counterclockwise around the unit circle.
• MAT-12.AR.F.19 Use the unit circle to express the values of sine, cosine, and tangent for π - x, π + x, and 2π - x in terms of their values for x, where x is any real number.
• MAT-12.AR.F.20 Use the unit circle to explain the symmetry (odd and even) and the periodicity of trigonometric functions.
• MAT-12.AR.F.21 Create a trigonometric function to model periodic phenomena.
• MAT-12.AR.F.22 Restrict the domain of a trigonometric function to construct its inverse.
• MAT-12.AR.F.23 Use inverse functions to solve trigonometric equations that arise in modeling contexts; evaluate the solutions and interpret them in context.
• MAT-12.AR.F.24 Know and apply the addition and subtraction formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent to solve problems.

  MAT-12.DPS Domain 

(DPS) Data Probability and Statistics  Learners will ask and answer questions by collecting, organizing, and displaying relevant data, drawing inferences and conclusions and making predictions; and understanding and applying basic concepts of probability.

Sub-Categories

• (D) Data
  Learners will represent and interpret data.
• (DA) Data Analysis
  Learners will ask and answer questions by collecting, organizing, and displaying relevant data, drawing inferences and conclusions, and making predictions.
• (P) Probability
  Learners will understand and apply basic concepts of probability.

Calculation Method for Domains

Domains are larger groups of related standards. The Domain Grade is a calculation of all the related standards. Click on the standard name below each Domain to access the learning targets and rubrics/ proficiency scales for individual standards within the domain.

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (DPS) Data Probability and Statistics Learners will ask and answer questions by collecting, organizing, and displaying relevant data, drawing inferences and conclusions, making predictions, and understanding and applying basic concepts of probability

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

Data Analysis

• MAT-01.DPS.D.02 Analyze data by answering descriptive questions.
• MAT-02.DPS.D.03 Analyze data and interpret the results to solve one-step comparison problems using information from the graphs.
• MAT-03.DPS.D.03 Analyze data and make simple statements to solve one- and two-step problems using information from the graphs.
• MAT-04.DPS.D.02 Generate data and create line plots to display a data set of fractions of a unit (1/2, 1/4, 1/8). Solve problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions by using information presented in line plots.
• MAT-04.DPS.D.03 Utilize graphs and diagrams to represent and solve word problems using the four operations involving whole numbers, benchmark fractions, and decimals.
• MAT-05.DPS.D.01 Generate data and create line plots to display a data set of fractions of a unit (1/2, 1/4, 1/8). Use grade-level operations for fractions to solve problems involving information presented in line plots.
• MAT-05.DPS.D.02 Utilize graphs and diagrams to represent, analyze, and solve authentic problems using information presented in one or more tables or line plots, including whole numbers, fractions, and decimals.
• MAT-06.DPS.DA.02 Calculate measures of center (median and mean) and variability (range and mean absolute deviation) to answer a statistical question. Identify mode(s) if they exist.
• MAT-06.DPS.DA.03 Identify outliers by observation and describe their effect on measures of center and variability. Justify which measures would be appropriate to answer a statistical question.
• MAT-06.DPS.DA.04 Display numerical data in plots on a number line, including dot plots and histograms. Describe any overall patterns in data, such as gaps, clusters, and skews.
• MAT-07.DPS.DA.02 Analyze and draw inferences about a population using single and multiple random samples by using given measures of center and variability for the numerical data set.
• MAT-08.DPS.DA.01 Interpret scatter plots for bivariate measurement data to investigate patterns such as clustering, outliers, positive or negative association, linear association, and nonlinear association.
• MAT-08.DPS.DA.02 Draw a trend line on a given scatter plot with a linear association and justify its fit by describing the closeness of the data points to the line.
• MAT-08.DPS.DA.03 Solve authentic problems in the context of bivariate measurement data by interpreting the slope and intercept(s) and making predictions using a linear model.
• MAT-08.DPS.DA.04 Construct and interpret a two-way table summarizing bivariate categorical data collected from the same subjects.
• MAT-10.DPS.02 Compare the center (median, mean) and spread (interquartile range, standard deviation) of two or more different data sets using statistics appropriate to the shape of the data distribution.
• MAT-10.DPS.03 Represent data on two quantitative variables on a scatter plot and describe how the variables are related.
• MAT-10.DPS.04 Distinguish between correlation and causation.
• MAT-10.DPS.10 Construct and interpret two-way frequency tables of data for two categorical variables. Use the two-way table as a sample space to decide if events are independent and approximate conditional probabilities.
• MAT-12.DPS.01 Interpret differences in shape, center, and spread in the context of the data sets, accounting for possible effects of extreme data points (outliers).
• MAT-12.DPS.02 Use the mean and standard deviation of a data set to fit it to a normal distribution and estimate population percentages. Recognize that there are data sets for which such a procedure is not appropriate.
• MAT-12.DPS.03 Evaluate reports based on data.
• MAT-12.DPS.04 Represent data on a scatter plot for two quantitative variables and describe how the variables are related.
• MAT-12.DPS.05 Informally assess the fit of a function by plotting and analyzing residuals.
• MAT-12.DPS.06 Use data from a sample survey to estimate a population means or proportion; develop a margin of error through the use of simulation models for random sampling.
• MAT-12.DPS.07 Understand the process of making inferences about population parameters based on a random sample from that population.
• MAT-12.DPS.08 Decide if a specified model is consistent with results from a given data-generating process (e.g., using simulation).

12th Grade (MAT) Targeted Standard     (DPS) Data Probability and Statistics Learners will ask and answer questions by collecting, organizing, and displaying relevant data, drawing inferences and conclusions, making predictions, and understanding and applying basic concepts of probability

Proficiency Scale

Progressions

Data Analysis

• MAT-01.DPS.D.02 Analyze data by answering descriptive questions.
• MAT-02.DPS.D.03 Analyze data and interpret the results to solve one-step comparison problems using information from the graphs.
• MAT-03.DPS.D.03 Analyze data and make simple statements to solve one- and two-step problems using information from the graphs.
• MAT-04.DPS.D.02 Generate data and create line plots to display a data set of fractions of a unit (1/2, 1/4, 1/8). Solve problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions by using information presented in line plots.
• MAT-04.DPS.D.03 Utilize graphs and diagrams to represent and solve word problems using the four operations involving whole numbers, benchmark fractions, and decimals.
• MAT-05.DPS.D.01 Generate data and create line plots to display a data set of fractions of a unit (1/2, 1/4, 1/8). Use grade-level operations for fractions to solve problems involving information presented in line plots.
• MAT-05.DPS.D.02 Utilize graphs and diagrams to represent, analyze, and solve authentic problems using information presented in one or more tables or line plots, including whole numbers, fractions, and decimals.
• MAT-06.DPS.DA.02 Calculate measures of center (median and mean) and variability (range and mean absolute deviation) to answer a statistical question. Identify mode(s) if they exist.
• MAT-06.DPS.DA.03 Identify outliers by observation and describe their effect on measures of center and variability. Justify which measures would be appropriate to answer a statistical question.
• MAT-06.DPS.DA.04 Display numerical data in plots on a number line, including dot plots and histograms. Describe any overall patterns in data, such as gaps, clusters, and skews.
• MAT-07.DPS.DA.02 Analyze and draw inferences about a population using single and multiple random samples by using given measures of center and variability for the numerical data set.
• MAT-08.DPS.DA.01 Interpret scatter plots for bivariate measurement data to investigate patterns such as clustering, outliers, positive or negative association, linear association, and nonlinear association.
• MAT-08.DPS.DA.02 Draw a trend line on a given scatter plot with a linear association and justify its fit by describing the closeness of the data points to the line.
• MAT-08.DPS.DA.03 Solve authentic problems in the context of bivariate measurement data by interpreting the slope and intercept(s) and making predictions using a linear model.
• MAT-08.DPS.DA.04 Construct and interpret a two-way table summarizing bivariate categorical data collected from the same subjects.
• MAT-10.DPS.02 Compare the center (median, mean) and spread (interquartile range, standard deviation) of two or more different data sets using statistics appropriate to the shape of the data distribution.
• MAT-10.DPS.03 Represent data on two quantitative variables on a scatter plot and describe how the variables are related.
• MAT-10.DPS.04 Distinguish between correlation and causation.
• MAT-10.DPS.10 Construct and interpret two-way frequency tables of data for two categorical variables. Use the two-way table as a sample space to decide if events are independent and approximate conditional probabilities.
• MAT-12.DPS.01 Interpret differences in shape, center, and spread in the context of the data sets, accounting for possible effects of extreme data points (outliers).
• MAT-12.DPS.02 Use the mean and standard deviation of a data set to fit it to a normal distribution and estimate population percentages. Recognize that there are data sets for which such a procedure is not appropriate.
• MAT-12.DPS.03 Evaluate reports based on data.
• MAT-12.DPS.04 Represent data on a scatter plot for two quantitative variables and describe how the variables are related.
• MAT-12.DPS.05 Informally assess the fit of a function by plotting and analyzing residuals.
• MAT-12.DPS.06 Use data from a sample survey to estimate a population means or proportion; develop a margin of error through the use of simulation models for random sampling.
• MAT-12.DPS.07 Understand the process of making inferences about population parameters based on a random sample from that population.
• MAT-12.DPS.08 Decide if a specified model is consistent with results from a given data-generating process (e.g., using simulation).